के. बी. सहाय ने
किसानों के कल्याण के लिए क्या किया?
या किसी नेता को 'भारत
रत्न' देने के पैमाने क्या है?
I recently came across an article in ‘The
Indian Express’ (February 12, 2024) titled ‘What Charan Singh did
for farmers’ welfare. The article by Mr Harish Damodaran mentions the three
major legislations that transformed the agricultural economy of Uttar Pradesh
and which catapulted Charan Singh on the national horizon. These three
game-changing laws were a reason for that popularity- the writer notes. The
first was the UP Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950 (ZALR)
which did away with the Zamindari System. The second was the UP
Consolidation of Holdings Act, 1953. The consolidation scheme was implemented by Charan Singh during his tenure as the Revenue Minister of Uttar Pradesh in the Fifties. The target could be achieved only by the Seventies.
The last was the UP Imposition of Ceiling on Land Holdings Act, 1960. It
established a cap of 40 acres of ‘fair quality land’ per farmer of five
members. Charan Singh’s three transformative land reform laws helped in
creating a socially and politically empowered middle peasantry class that saw
its economic fortune rise with the ‘Green Revolution.’ These three historic
legislations, the writer concludes, made Charan Singh a leader fit to be
conferred the long overdue ‘Bharat Ratna,’ –now acknowledged by the
present government. I accept the author’s conclusion as Charan Singh did not
contribute much as the Prime Minister of India, going down as the only Prime
minister to have not faced the Parliament during his tenure.
Now, I juxtapose the achievements of Chaudhary
Charan Singh with those of K.B. Sahay in the neighbouring state of
Bihar.
The first important legislation passed by K.B.
Sahay was the Zamindari Abolition Act, 1947. This was amended and followed
by the Bihar Land Reforms Act, 1950 (Bihar Act XXX of 1950). Bihar
was the first State in India to abolish Zamindari. It preceded the UP
legislation. The 1950 legislation led to the First Amendment in the Indian
Constitution, which was a historic decision that changed the way forward
for the nation. K. B. Sahay was brutally assaulted by the Zamindars but he
risked his life and political career to pass the legislation.
The
second legislation passed by K. B. Sahay was the Bihar Consolidation of
Holdings and Prevention of Fragmentation Act, 1956. This enabled the
government to promote the consolidation of holdings by preparing the record of
rights based on the Survey and Settlement records and consolidation of lands concerning each raiyat.
The
third legislation passed by K. B. Sahay was the Bihar Agricultural
Lands (Ceiling and Management) Bill, 1955. The Bill fixed a ceiling of
agricultural lands. The bill aimed to nullify all benami transactions
resorted by zamindars and tenure holders to circumvent the provisions of
the Bihar Land Reforms Act, 1950 and it fixed a ceiling of 30 acres in the
plains for a family of five members and 50 acres in the plateau region. The big landowners did not allow this Bill to
be passed in the Assembly. A much watered-down version was passed in the Sixties
well after K.B. Sahay was defeated by the Zamindars in the 1957 elections.
K.
B. Sahay did not stop at this. He went ahead with several epoch-making
legislations. The Bihar State Management of Estates & Tenures Act (Bihar
Act XXI of 1949) enabled the Government of Bihar to take over the Estates
& Tenures without payment of any compensation for twenty years
The Bihar Wastelands
(Reclamation, Cultivation and Improvement) Bill, 1946 (Bill 3 of 1946) converted
large tracts of the 3.50
million wastelands in Bihar into cultivable lands. This included grass-covered
lands, eroded lands, saline lands and lands of very low fertility and no irrigation
facility.
Bihar Private Forest Act, 1946 brought
all forests held by Zamindars under the Government control and administration.
The Bakasht Dispute Settlement Act,
1947 helped restore the lands to the raiyats which were taken away forcefully
by the Zamindars for failure to pay the rent.